Whatever
a teacher does in the class in order to make the lesson easy and interesting is
called teaching techniques or devices. For this purpose he sometimes uses communication
skills and sometimes he provides them the experience of audio-visual aids.
Important such techniques are given below:
1.
Narration technique:
Narration
is a precised form of the story. In this technique objects, events or persons
are picturized in such a manner that they stand before the eyes of the
students. Narration is given in the same way as we do in stories. This
technique is used to introduce a lesson as well as in the middle of the lesson
to elaborate the concepts. A history teacher gives narration to picturize
objects, events or persons and a science teacher uses this technique to
elaborate and introduce equipment's and devices through narration. As the
teacher reaches the climax at a very slow speed in a story, same is the case in
narration. However, the difference between storytelling and narration is that
graphs, photos, and models are used in description to elaborate the point which
is not needed in story telling method.
2.
Description technique:
Like
narration, verbal image of objects, events or persons also are shaped in
description. The two differences are that narration is short and related to the
past while description is comparatively large and related to the present. The
second difference is that narration is analytical while description is
synthesis based. Development of information technology in Pakistan, population
explosion, in Pakistan etc. is the examples of description. The advantage of
this technique is that students come to know about those objects, events or
persons in detail which they have not seen at all, through their eyes directly.
3. Explanation techniques:
Through
this technique, concepts are made clear before
students in easy language. A teacher needs explanation in teaching all the
subjects. A teacher does not sit idle in the class during teaching until he
clarifies each and every point to his students. By the explanation of poetry,
he makes the language easy for his students and a science teacher makes the
laws and principles understandable for his students by explaining the concepts.
In language teaching, a teacher takes the help
of antonyms, synonyms, etymology, bifurcation, actions, use in sentences and
examples to make the language easy for his students while in science and social
science subjects he uses examples, analysis, comparison, similarities,
demonstration etc. to explain laws; principles and concepts. Sometimes, he
takes his students to the laboratory too for this purpose and sometimes he
takes the help of pictures, diagrams and models. The language that a teacher
uses for explanation should be according to the level .of students otherwise
this technique will be totally in- effective. Besides he explains laws,
principles and concepts to the extent it is needed.
4. Illustration
technique:
Those
concrete materials with the help of which subject matter is made easy,
interesting and understandable to learners are called illustrations. By this
technique abstract is presented in the form of concrete material, before the students
in such a manner that they come to know the reality of that abstract concept.
Illustrations can be of two types-verbal and visual. In verbal illustrations,
idioms, phrases, story, drama, simile, metaphor and other verbal form of
examples are used to picturize or illustrate the difficult words, concepts laws
and principles. A teacher also keeps this fact in mind that illustrations must
be given according to the level of language development of students, in visual
illustrations, maps, graphs; charts etc. are shown to students. That is why
they are also called objective illustrations. The advantage of this technique
is that students. Acquire. The -knowledge of other environment with the help of
the environment which they have already seen.
5.
Exposition technique:
This
is also known as integration technique. Through this technique, such points of
subject matter are exposed to pupils who have not been made clear 'so 'far by
question - answer method. The help of other techniques is also taken while
giving exposition and effort is made to keep the language of exposition easy
and understandable. Since, doubts and confusions of students are also removed
through this technique, so, exposition should not be very short.
6. Supervised
study technique:
This
technique is based on the principles of individual differences and activity of
pupils. Here, teacher instructs his pupils to do self study after the teaching
is over and he supervises them as a guide while they are doing so. He also
gives them necessary advice's in the middle. This technique is very useful for
classroom interaction. Effort is made to give opportunity to progress to
backward students especially through this technique. Sometimes help of
specialist teachers is also taken here to guide weak students and sometimes the
period is divided into two parts. The first part is used for regular 'teaching
and the second part is used for supervised study. Teacher also motivates the
students here to cooperate with each other to complete the task.
7. Self
study technique:
In
this technique, the teacher gives some work to his students for self study
after the teaching is over. He also gives them some writing works to do to find
out to what extent they have followed his order. For example, he asks them to
write down the summary of a book after studying it or to write an essay on any
topic after consulting several hooks. This technique is especially useful in
using problem solving or project methods.
8.
Revision technique:
The
main purpose of this technique is to point out the important points of the
lesson and to give them reinforcement when teaching task is over, in order to
achieve the above objectives. He asks some additional questions from his
students and revises the important points of the lesson through these
questions. The teacher also teaches them to apply the acquired knowledge in new
situations with the help of these questions.
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