When
teacher uses teaching 'methods and techniques in controlled environment of the
class, many
teaching skills are developed in him. Some of these skills are given below:
Skill of set induction:
Through this skill, the lesson is introduced to students.
Their previous knowledge is linked to their present knowledge in such a manner
that no zero is left between them. All the introductory questions are asked in
a sequence and the last one is directly linked to the topic in hand.
Skill of stimulus variation:
Here teacher changes the actions of all his body parts in
a regular manner in order to save the students from boredom. For example, he
does not stand in the class at the same place for a longer period. He changes
his position with the change of tactics or stimuli. He can use even his eyes to
give them certain directions or to approve or disapprove their efforts.
Skill
of probing questions:
Through this skill, the teacher takes his students to the
depth of the lesson. In order to stimulate their creative thinking, he asks
these questions. He sometimes provides cues to answer them if students are not
able to reach the right answer.
Illustrating with examples:
Teacher uses a lot
of verbal and visual examples here in order to clarify the difficult concepts
and principles. Only those examples are used here which have direct link to the
daily life of students.
Skill of closure:
It means ending a lesson in the class in such a manner,
which creates further curiosity to acquire new knowledge. Students are so
motivated here that they want to study next lessons at once. Summary of
demonstration and lecture is also given by using this skill.
Skill of lecturing:
Skill of lecturing:
This is also called communication skill. By this skill,
the teacher keeps his pupils fully absorbed in the lesson and listen to him
with full attention without doing anything else in the class.
Skill of explaining:
Skill of explaining:
Through this skill, the teacher explains what, why, how
etc. of the concepts, laws and principles in such a manner that no doubt is
left in the minds of learners.
Blackboard
using skill:
Writing in a good hand on the blackboard drawing pictures
or diagrams there, doing blackboard work along with teaching drilling spelling
on the blackboard, etc. are some of the important elements of blackboard skill
through which a teacher makes his pupils attentive to his teaching. Pupils also
try to learn these skills from their teachers.
Use of audio-visual aids:
Use of audio-visual aids:
By this skill, the teacher uses audio-visual aids in his
lesson in such a manner that they become the part of the lesson. When they are
used in the lesson, they create the impression that had they not been used,
there would have been some flaws in teaching.
Skill
of class management:
Classroom management is an art. Through this skill, the
teacher keeps all of his students busy in different activities in the class all
the time. As a result of this, students do not get time to do anything in the
class without the wishes of their teacher, though they are fully free there.
Skill of pupils’ participation:
Skill of pupils’ participation:
Pupils' participation means that direct behavior of
pupils that can be observed in the class. Teacher initiates his activities in
the class in such a manner that pupils' activities are automatically increased.
For example, he smiles at the right reaction of his pupils; he gets extremely
pleased if his pupils perform a job in a right manner and so on.
Skill
of recognizing attending behavior of pupils:
An effective
teacher is always very sensitive. He keeps his eyes on all the behaviors of his
pupils and tries to know what their respective problems are. Thus, no student
in his class feels neglected.
Skill of silence and non-verbal cues:
Skill of silence and non-verbal cues:
Sometimes, a
teacher gets silent in the class for 4 or 5 seconds. This silence is maintained
at a place where students come to understand the next point without telling
them in the class. One more advantage of this skill is that a teacher can
identify those students who do not listen to him carefully and talk to each
other. The teacher uses this skill all of a sudden.
Skill
of fluency of questioning:
By this skill the teacher asks questions in a row without
taking any pause and students continuously respond him. The teacher does not
think at all what next question he is to ask. This skill is especially used at
the time of recapitulation of a lesson.
Skill
of giving home assignment:
Students generally
consider home works as a burden for them but by this skill, the teacher makes
the home assignment as a source of motivation and challenge for them such as,
he links the home work with his pleasure or displeasure, he makes it useful for
the practical life of his pupils and so on. He tries to create variation in
such assignments that reduces the boredom level of pupils.
Skill
of planned revision:
Sometimes, he repeats the answers of his students,
difficult teaching points or a part of any teaching point in the class more
than twice in a planned manner. This certainly benefits the students because
they can remember them easily.
Skill
of reinforcement:
Reinforcement means those events by which we can increase
the possibility of giving more correct responses by pupils. Reinforcement can
be of three types.
(a) Positive reinforcement
(b) Negative reinforcement
(c) Punishers Positive reinforcements increase the
possibility of a loving response.
For example, saying very good, very nice, excellent, or
giving some toffees to students in the class by the teacher etc. are positive
reinforcements. Negative reinforcements reduce the possibility of an
unacceptable response on the part of students. For example, saying wrong, very
bad, very poor, try again etc. by the teacher are negative reinforcements. This
alarms the students to give right response only. In punishers, the teacher uses
corporal or mental punishment measures to terrorize his pupils not to give
wrong answers. Teachers are always advised not to use them in the teaching
learning process to the maximum level possible, they should rely on positive
reinforcement most and negative reinforcement should be used in the class only
when there is no other option left.
It is clear from the above discussion that it is teaching
aptitude which developing teaching skills in a teacher and when he is practicing
it using these skills with the help of teaching methods and techniques; he
becomes an effective and successful teacher scientific and social theories and
principles. Thus, so -many learning theories and principles will lead to the
development of so many teaching theories.
(d) Elements of
teaching:
There are basically four elements of teaching
(i)
Drive
(ii)
Response
(iii)
Cue and
(iv)
Reinforcement.
All these four elements will need so many teachers’
activities in the class. As a result many teaching theories will be required.
Thus, Gaze has emphasized much on the understanding
aspect of learning in his theory. According to him, all teaching activities are
expected to increase the understanding level of students. Thus, nature of
teaching is mostly cognitive.
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